Pharmaceutical Access and Intellectual Property Law in the WTO. N., Lebowski, B., Kelly, J., Ryan, T, & Grant, R. What should we do in the following situation? We are citing the following two papers in APA format. One last thing to note about “et al.” is that it is plural: it can never refer to only one author. “Multinational Corporate Influence in the WTO.” Journal of World Trade, 67, 38-55. “Intellectual Property Law in FTA Negotiations.” Journal of East Asian Affairs, 13, 14–25. Note that in the bibliography of your paper, if you are using APA or Chicago style and you distinguish two papers this way, your bibliography should reflect this. (2000a) point out that FTA negotiations have gone far beyond the original scope of goods and services trade to incorporate regulatory measures. point out that FTA negotiations have gone far beyond the original scope of goods and services trade to incorporate regulatory measures (“Intellectual Property Law in FTA Negotiations,” 20).ĪPA/Chicago: Lee et al. MLA adds the name of the text in parentheses, while APA and Chicago recommend adding a letter after the year to distinguish between the works. “Multinational Corporate Influence in the WTO.” Journal of World Trade, 67, 38-55.Įach citation style solves this problem a little differently. Take the following example of two publications. “Et al.” can create ambiguity in some situations. Same Authors, Same Year, Different Article South Korea’s state history textbook controversy of 2014 is a good example of this debate (Rhyu et al. Japanese wartime aggression remains a controversial topic in much of East Asia (Rhyu, Lee, McSnyder, and Xi, 2012).Īdditional in-text citations of the same paper in APA format would look like this:.(2012), Japanese wartime aggression remains a controversial topic in much of East Asia (45).įor the same paper cited in APA format, the first citation would be as follows: Japanese wartime aggression remains a controversial topic in much of East Asia (Rhyu et al.328).Īccording to Henderson et al., peanut butter is a rich source of protein (328).įor a paper written by Rhyu, Lee, McSnyder, and Xi, the Chicago citation would look like this: Peanut butter is a rich source of protein (Henderson, et al. In all cases, you should use the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” in your in-text citation.įor a paper written by Henderson, Watts, and Kirkland, the MLA citation would look like this: If there are at least six authors, then you may use “et al.” from the first mention. APA format requires that you cite all of the authors at the first mention if there are three, four, or five, and use “et al.” afterward. MLA uses “et al.” for works with three or more authors, while Chicago calls for using it with four or more authors. The guidelines for using “et al.” vary slightly among the three major formatting styles. “Et al.” is a Latin term that means “and others,” and is used for in-text citations of works with multiple authors. It is still unknown whether caffeine delays the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (Grant, 204).Ĭhicago style requires all three whether you are paraphrasing or not.Ī daily serving of broccoli was found to help patients recover more quickly from scurvy (Poblanski 2015, 99-100).Ĭiting Multiple Authors: How should you use “et al.”? There is no difference in citation style between a direct quote or a paraphrase. MLA style requires only the author and page number, as seen in the example below. There was no direct causal relationship found between the two events (Burnett, 1995)īurnett (1995) noted that “Subsequent investigation revealed that the two events had no direct causal relationship to one another,” (p.147). If you are citing a direct quote, you must also add the page number. As the guidelines for author in-text citations vary slightly among the three, it is important to know the difference.ĪPA requires two types of information: the author’s last name and the date of publication of the work you are citing. APA is used most often by Education, Psychology, and Sciences, MLA is favored by the Humanities, and Chicago by Business, History, and Fine Arts. There are three major styles of citation: APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian. Single Author In-text Citations: A Refresher In-text citations are driving you crazy! Do you really have to list all six authors of the paper you are referencing? What if the first two authors are the same on two different papers? Is it the same regardless of citation style? Read on to remove your confusion about multiple authors in-text citations. But after a short time, you find yourself stuck. You’ve done your research, you’ve made your bibliography, and you’re ready to write.
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